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    • Prather in a recent study

    2018-11-13

    Prather [14], in a recent study on 164 healthy subjects experimentally exposed to rhinovirus, observed through pulse actigraphy that those with fewer than six hours of sleep, before exposure, were four times more likely to become sick (<5h OR=4.50; 95%; 1.08–18.69 and 05–06h OR=4.24, 95% 1.08–16.71) than those with more than seven hours of sleep (OR=1). This remained significant even after the adjustment for variables, such as smoking, sex, the title of neutralizing antibodies, exercise and alcohol consumption. The Nurses\' Health Study-II [15] was a cohort study conducted from 2001 to 2005 involving more than 56,000 healthy nurses. Researchers found that reduced sleep (<5h), as well as the poor perception of sleep or excessive sleep (>9h), presented a risk of 1.39 (95%; 1.06–1.82) and 1.38 (95%; 1.04–1.84) respectively, for the development of pneumonia, even after the adjustment for variables, such as age, body mass index, and smoking. It was observed that apparent loss of sleep is associated with some immune changes [35–41.45]. In acute deprivation there is a temporary immune activation, although the clinical effects of these findings are unknown. More research is needed to answer such questions [36–38]. In relation to partial and prolonged deprivation, the aforementioned studies show an increased risk of infection in the airways, especially from viruses [14,15]. The possible factors involved are impaired innate immunity, expressed by the reduction of the activity of NK sphk (CD16+, CD56+, CD57+) and a decrease in Th1 effector cellular response, which is important to the activation of TCD4+ lymphocytes in favor of a more regulatory Th-2 response [35,39,40,45,46,48].
    Conclusion
    Acknowledgments
    Introduction Several ways to classify sleep disorders (SD) have been proposed. The most important is the International Classification of Sleep Disorders [ICSD-2] with numerous subdivisions and specialized approaches [1]; other one is proposed by the American Psychiatric Association in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-5] [2], which is used specially by health professionals who are not experts in sleep medicine. Finally, there is the International Classification of Diseases [ICD] [3] with general medical approach [4]. The SD are widespread and important complaints in the vital climacteric stage [5,6]. These sleep disorders occur in approximately 30% of the general population increasing with the pass of time; it is estimated in more than 50% of adults over 65 years old [7]. The prevalence of SD varies with the menopausal status, with estimated ranges between 39% and 47% in perimenopause and 35–60% in postmenopausal women [5,7,8]. In a study carried out in eleven cities from Latin America, which involved 6.079 women aged 40–59 years, insomnia was reported in 56.6% of the population, with poor quality of sleep or both [9]. Monterrosa [5] has reported that 57.1% of Colombian women in climacteric, who live in the Caribbean and the Pacific coasts, had poor quality of sleep when they were diagnosed by the quality of sleep index of Pittsburgh. Insomnia is the main SD, being approximately two times more common in women than in men [6,10]. It is characterized by difficulty to sleep, staying asleep or difficulty to get a restful sleep. It is recommended to specify an episodic, persistent or recurrent event, or whether they are associated with a concurrent mental disorder unrelated to sleep, with a medical condition or another sleep disorder [11,12]. Among the types of SD, insomnia, in particular, may arise situations that impair the quality of life such as decreased concentration and attention, feelings of fatigue and physical or mental exhaustion, decreased motivation, irritability, difficulty in interpersonal relationships and general complications [11]. It has been noted that SD could often be accompanied by depression, anxiety or cognitive changes, while insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness are risk factors for the later development of mental illness. The interpretation of SD as an expression of mental diseases allows preventive intervention in mental health [2]. Sleep disorders restrict the appropriate recovery/cell repair that comes during sleep and affect adversely the emotional state of women [11].