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  • The presence of taurine would promote the transition

    2018-11-12

    The presence of taurine would promote the transition of more cells through the GDC0199 cost and to the DNA-replicative phase and ultimately increase the number of cells in the culture. The overall improved conditions for cells grown in the presence of taurine may also account for the higher number of neurons present in NPC cultures after the differentiation process, as was reported in our previous studies (Hernandez-Benitez et al., 2012, 2013). It is known that neuron viability is markedly affected by the energy state of the cell during the differentiation phase (Ostrakhovitch and Semenikhin, 2012), and improvement in these conditions by taurine may explain the higher number of neurons found in taurine-containing cultures. The following are the supplementary data related to this article
    Acknowledgments We thank Lorena Chávez González, Simón Guzmán León, José Luis Santillán Torres, and Jorge Ramírez for technical assistance in the microarray determinations; and Gerardo Coello, Gustavo Corral, and Ana Patricia Gómez for assistance using the genArise software. We acknowledge the valuable assistance of undergraduate students Karla Guzmán-López and Aarón Cruz-Navarrete. This study was supported by the Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico (DGAPA) and the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) with grant number PAPIIT IN202313. This study is part of the requirements for the PhD degree in Biomedical Sciences of Reyna Hernández-Benítez at UNAM, who received a CONACyT fellowship.
    Introduction Vascular diseases are the leading causes of death in the world (Libby et al., 2011; Murray and Lopez, 1997). Current therapies including life style management, pharmacological control of risk factors and surgical revascularization do not completely reverse the pathology. Since the initial discovery in 1997 of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) by , these cells are considered as a promising therapeutic tool for vascular repair. Culture of blood mononuclear cells reveals two distinct populations of EPC that have been classified according to the time at which they appear in culture: early endothelial cell colony-forming units (CFU-EC) and late-outgrowth endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC), both expressing specific endothelial markers and with capabilities to stimulate angiogenesis (Yoder et al., 2007). On the one hand, CFU-EC differentiate into phagocytic macrophages and fail to form vessels in vivo. On the other hand, ECFC display high proliferative potential when compared to mature endothelial cells (Bompais et al., 2004), form vessels in vivo and are incorporated into pre-existing vascular networks (Yoder et al., 2007; Au et al., 2008; Sieveking et al., 2008). Moreover, ECFC are more sensitive to angiogenic factors, such as VEGF and FGF-2, which confer to these cells greater protection against cell death. Their functional features indicate that although these cells have undergone some differentiation steps, they still have the properties of immature cells, suggesting greater tissue repair capabilities (Bompais et al., 2004). However, the use of autologous ECFC in cell therapy is limited by their rarity in adult peripheral blood (PB) as they constitute less than 0.01% of circulating mononuclear cells (Khan et al., 2005; Ingram et al., 2004). Cord blood (CB) contains more ECFC than PB, and following a crucial step of adhesion in vitro, it forms primary colonies of well-circumscribed monolayers of cobblestone appearing cells. After expansion, ECFC can give rise to secondary colonies from a single cell (Yoder et al., 2007). For clinical application, it is important to reach the therapeutic cell dose with a limited number of cell division and limited culture time. This will limit occurrence of genetic abnormalities that may occur during long term cultures as observed for the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) (Tarte et al., 2010). To improve production of ECFC, two parameters are very important: 1) the initial number of colony obtained and 2) the proliferation rate of endothelial outgrowth obtained from these colonies. In this study we propose a new strategy for improving these two parameters, based on the use of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) type compounds in culture media to potentiate endothelial cell properties.