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    • The null findings for mortality

    2018-11-09

    The null findings for mortality stand in trifluoperazine hydrochloride with prior work that has found variation in mortality rates according to state and county characteristics (Cullen et al., 2012; Kochanek, Murphy & Xu, 2015). These previous studies, however, examined the relationship between mortality and place-of-residence at time of death, while our study employs state-of-residence during childhood. It may be that early life state characteristics have a small effect on mortality many decades later that cannot be detected even in a sample of this size. Yet prior research has found associations between place-of-birth and cause-specific mortality, including death from cardiovascular disease, dementia, atrial fibrillation, and prostate cancer (Datta et al., 2012; Glymour et al., 2013; Glymour, Kosheleva, Wadley, Weiss & Manly, 2011; Greenberg & Schneider, 1998; Schneider, Greenberg & Lu, 1997). It may be that place-of-birth influences the type of illness to which an individual eventually succumbs, but not mortality more generally. For example, prior work has shown that area-of-residence is associated with rates of smoking and cervical cancer screening (Datta et al., 2006a, 2006b). These mediating factors may influence the distribution of causes of death in a given region, but not the overall mortality rates. Finally, we note that the specific state-level socioeconomic factors are associated with mortality in the training set (Supplemental Table 1); a strength of our approach is the process of internal validation, which suggests that narrow confidence intervals do not reflect the stability and replicability of the estimates even in a similar sample. In other words, we conclude that early life state characteristics are not as predictive of mortality as they are of later life health.
    Conclusions
    Data sharing
    Acknowledgments This work was supported by a KL2 Mentored Career Development Award through the Stanford Clinical and Translational Science Award to Spectrum (KL2-TR001083 to RH), a grant from the National Institute of Aging (K01-AG047280 to DHR), Alcoa, and a grant from the National Institute on Aging (1R01 AG026291-06 and 1R01AG032449-01). The authors would like to thank Ryan Edwards for comments on an earlier version of Recombinant joint manuscript.
    Introduction The infant mortality rate is well-recognized as a fundamental measure of societal well-being (Report of the Secretary׳s Advisory Committee on Infant Mortality (SACIM), 2016; David & Collins, 2014). Acutely sensitive to economic, racial/ethnic, and gender inequality and to abridgment of reproductive rights (SACIM, 2016; David & Collins, 2014), infant mortality is both associated with unintended pregnancy (SACIM, 2016; Finer & Zolna, 2014; Tsui, McDonald-Mosley & Burke, 2010), and serves as a gauge for infant morbidity and maternal mortality (SACIM, 2016). In 2008, an estimated 41% of births globally (Singh, Sedgh & Hussain, 2010) and 49% of US births (Finer & Zolna, 2014) were unintended pregnancies, with risk highest among impoverished women (Finer & Zolna, 2014; Tsui et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2010). Contributing to risk of unintended pregnancies and their sequelae are inadequate reproductive health policies and resources (Gruskin, 2013; Frost, Sonfield, Zolna & Finer, 2015). These include lack of awareness of and access to such goods and services as appropriate contraceptives, family planning services, and abortion procedures (SACIM, 2016; David & Collins, 2014; Finer & Zolna, 2014; Tsui et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2010; Gruskin, 2013; Frost et al., 2015). Within the United States, evidence that increased state funding for family planning and abortion services can lower infant mortality rates, especially for low-income women of color (Grossman & Jacobwitz, 1981; Corman & Grossman, 1985; Joyce, 1987a, 1987b; Meier and McFarlane, 1994; McFarlane & Meier, 1998; McFarlane & Meier, 2001), is provided by a handful of studies, initially conducted in the 1980s (Grossman & Jacobwitz, 1981; Corman & Grossman, 1985; Joyce, 1987a, 1987b), and followed by a few that extended the data through 1998 (Meier & McFarlane, 1994; McFarlane & Meier, 1998; McFarlane & Meier, 2001). No studies to our knowledge have reported on these associations since 1998.