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  • Recently human umbilical cord hUC has been

    2018-10-20

    Recently, human umbilical cord (hUC) has been investigated as a source of apexbio calculator with stem/progenitor cell properties. hUC is a desirable source of stem/progenitor cells as it is routinely discarded after delivery, collection is non-invasive and an abundant number of cells are present in cord tissue (Catacchio et al., 2013; Dominici et al., 2006; Weiss et al., 2006). The differentiation potential and non-immunogenic nature of hUC-derived cells could make them an ideal source for regenerative medicine (Ennis et al., 2008; Weiss et al., 2006). Stem/progenitor cells derived from peri-natal sources such as amniotic fluid, cord blood, cord tissue and placenta are less likely to be altered due to aging or environmental stresses. While the presence of fibroblastic cells with BMSC-like characteristics in cord blood is limited, umbilical cord has been found to be a promising source of potential stem/progenitor cells. However, the cord is an anatomically complex organ and isolation of potential stem/progenitor cells from its various sites has not been rigorously investigated.
    Materials and methods
    Results
    Discussion One of the most important areas of interest in ASCs is the source and efficacy of isolation techniques to yield an adequate amount and homogeneous population of cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. Bone marrow is a well-recognized source of ASCs (Catacchio et al., 2013) and contains HSCs, and SSCs/BMSCs (Bianco and Robey, 2015; Robey et al., 2014). Isolation of potential stem/progenitor cells from other adult tissues and organs with similar cell surface characteristics as SSCs/BMSCs has also been reported (Cho et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2013). However, most of these sources require invasive procedures and might have undergone genetic changes due to environmental stresses and the aging process (Adams et al., 2015; Burkhalter et al., 2015; Oh et al., 2014). To address these concerns, putative stem/progenitor cells have been reported to be isolated from noninvasive peri-natal sources such as amniotic fluid and umbilical cord blood (Fei et al., 2013; Odabas et al., 2014; Steigman and Fauza, 2007; Wouters et al., 2007), but the yield is often low (Erices et al., 2000; Goodwin et al., 2001; Rosada et al., 2003). Recently, putative stem/progenitor cells have been also isolated from hUC (Mennan et al., 2013). Stem/progenitor cells from different connective tissues have been reported to display similar cell surface markers, particularly CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105 (Dominici et al., 2006). However, other characteristics of putative stem/progenitor cells, such as self-renewal and differentiation potential, have not been reported, or vary widely depending upon the tissue source. For example, cells isolated from older individuals or certain tissues have lower self-renewal capacity compared with those isolated from younger individuals and peri-natal sources (Escacena et al., 2015). Apparently, age of the source, and character of the cellular or tissue niche are determining factors for self-renewal and differentiation potential of various stem/progenitor cell populations (Okolicsanyi et al., 2015). Therefore, a better understanding of the source and properties of tissue-specific stem/progenitor cells could facilitate their therapeutic use. Our attempts to isolate reproducibly homogenous population of cells from hUC led us to dissect the cord into at least three distinct sites, CPJ, CT, and WJ. Even though cells have been isolated from explants of CT, WJ and cord vein (Baksh et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2012; Gonzalez et al., 2010; Han et al., 2013; Hendijani et al., 2014; Kadivar et al., 2006; Conconi et al., 2011; Sarugaser et al., 2005; Romanov et al., 2003), to our knowledge this is the first report to show isolation of cells from CPJ. In our study, all hUC samples (n=50) dissected into CPJ, CT and WJ yielded colony-forming cells with extensive proliferative capacity, depending on the site from which they were derived. Cells isolated from all three sites of hUC, had similar fibroblastoid morphology and expressed markers found on many tissue-specific stem/progenitor cells such as, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105. They were also positive for HLA-ABC but not HLA-DR. These results were in agreement with the previous reports (Dominici et al., 2006; Durnaoglu et al., 2011; Mennan et al., 2013; Sarugaser et al., 2005; Weiss et al., 2006). hUC cells were also found to express three markers (STRO-1, p75NTR, SUSD2) expressed by BMSCs (Lin et al., 2011; Sivasubramaniyan et al., 2013).