Acetylcholinesterase AChE activity and expression level

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and expression level can be down regulated by TCDD in neuronal cells [3], [6]. Thus AChE could be considered as a target of the neuronal toxicity of dioxin. AChE has several types of transcripts by alternative splicing in the 3′ region of primary transcripts [7], [8]. The “tailed” isoform of AChE (AChET) is one of the transcripts that exists in all vertebrates, and can form tetrameters associated with a proline-rich membrane anchor (PRiMA) as globular form AChE (G4 AChE) in the wdr5 receptor and muscle [9], [10], [11]. The expression level and enzymetic activity of AChE would be increased during neuronal differentiation. Cultured pheochromocytoma PC12 cell line is commonly being used for the detection of neuronal differentiation in responding to various stimuli, e.g. nerve growth factor (NGF) [12], [13]. In this study, we used PC12 cells as the study model, investigated the change of AChE activities upon the treatment of NGF and the effect of TCDD on AChE during different stages of NGF induced PC12 differentiation.
Materials and methods
Results and discussion
Acknowledgement This research was supported by grants from Natural Science Foundation of China (21407171, 21377160, 21525730), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB14030400) and grant from Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences (RCEES-QN-20130054F).
Introduction The scattering operators associated to the Laplacian operator for a real asymptotically hyperbolic manifold have been extensively studied, see for example [28], [12], [20], [16], [2] and the references cited there. The purpose of this paper is to extend some results in [16] and [2] to asymptotically complex hyperbolic (ACH) manifolds. Similarly as in [16] and [2], the author here is particularly interested in (approximate) asymptotically complex hyperbolic Einstein (ACHE) manifolds with infinity of positive CR-Yamabe type. Before discussing the asymptotically complex hyperbolic manifolds, let us first recall some results for real asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds, which should help us to understand the complex case. Suppose X is a manifold with boundary of dimension and ρ is a smooth boundary defining function. Let g be a smooth metric in the interior such that is smooth and nondegenerate up to the boundary, satisfying when . Then in a collar neighbourhood of M, denoted by , where is a smooth-one parameter family of Riemannian metric on the boundary M. Then g is asymptotically hyperbolic in the sense that all the sectional curvature has limit −1 when approaching the boundary. The metric g induces a conformal class on the boundary by choosing different boundary defining functions. A standard example is the ball model of real hyperbolic space , i.e. the unit ball equipped with metric The spectrum and resolvent for the Laplacian operator for were studied by Mazzeo–Melrose [27], Mazzeo [26] and Guillarmou [14]. The spectrum of consists of two disjoint parts, the absolute continuous spectrum and the pure point spectrum (i.e. -eigenvalues). More explicitly, The resolvent is a bounded operator on for , , , which has finite meromorphic extension to , where 2K is the order up to which the Taylor expansion of is even. For example, if has complete even Taylor expansion at , then has finite meromorphic extension to entire . If g is Einstein (i.e. g is Poincaré–Einstein), then for n odd, the Taylor expansion of is even up to order while choosing ρ to be the geodesic normal defining function. In lignin case, has meromorphic extension to . For n even, a Poincaré–Einstein metric g has logarithmic terms in the asymptotic expansion of . This makes not smooth up to the boundary. However, the analysis of spectrum and resolvent above is still valid except that the mapping property of changes a bit. See [4] for the asymptotic expansion of Poincaré–Einstein metric and [15] for more details on meromorphic extension of the resolvent. In particular, Lee [22] showed that for Poincaré–Einstein metric, if the conformal infinity is of nonnegative Yamabe type, then there is no -eigenvalue and hence .