br Concluding remarks This paper stressed

Concluding remarks This paper stressed how the post-Keynesian theory, associated with the neo-Schumpeterian analysis of innovation, can contribute to improve the understanding of the factors that influence innovation. More specifically, the paper aimed to highlight the importance of knowledge, both tacit and codified, for the formation of a strongly positive state of LTE. This state, in turn, guides the decision to search for innovations and to invest in R&D. This impact takes place through two channels: (i) strengthening confidence in LTE and (ii) establishing a convention to innovate. Firstly, although post-Keynesian theory puts more emphasis on the importance of tacit knowledge and neo-Schumpeterian theory puts more emphasis on the relevance of codified knowledge, it was argued that both types of knowledge are important in strengthening the state of LTE. In particular, given the higher degree of uncertainty associated with radical innovations, it was argued that such innovations are more dependent on the accumulation of codified knowledge, while incremental innovations (inserted into an existing TT) are more dependent on tacit knowledge about the current market conditions and TT. Secondly, it was also argued that the accumulation of knowledge collaborates to establish a situation of constant introduction of innovations, which contributes to create a convention to innovate. The (tacit) knowledge that other firms are constantly seeking innovations and that innovations determine market performance leads to the establishment of this convention in economies where innovations are constantly introduced, in spite of the high degree of uncertainty inherently associated with innovation. In both post-Keynesian and neo-Schumpeterian theories, following conventional behaviour is a form of dealing with uncertainty. The convention to innovate, which can also be understood as the formation of an innovative culture, motivates private spending in R&D by increasing agents’ expectations about what determines marker performance.
Acknowledgements I thank Marco Flávio Resende and an anonymous referee for helpful comments. Research funding from the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Level Personnel (CAPES) is also gratefully acknowledged.
Introduction This study focuses on an earlier time AAK1 dual inhibitor manufacturer and seeks to distance itself from the recent situation. Hence, it looks at the internal features of industries and at the industrial organization of markets that may act as determinants of AD duties. Although much influenced by business cycles, as the literature indicates (Prusa and Skeath, 2002; François and Niels, 2006; Kume and Piani, 2005; Bown, 2008; Vasconcelos and Firme, 2011), the AD is also determined by sectorial characteristics. For example, patterns of AD application are repeated in different countries: the measure is more common in products with increasing economies of scale in production and with industrial commodities features (e.g. chemicals and metals). The conclusion of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994, and the creation of the International Trade Organization (WTO), approved an international anti-dumping regime. The WTO considers the AD a legitimate instrument against alleged international misconduct. Several countries, including Brazil, created domestic trade defense laws and investigation procedures based on the GATT/WTO regime (Zanardi, 2006; Niels and Kate, 2006; Bown, 2008). By focusing only on the cases in which the AD claim was granted (assuming the existence of dumping, material injury and the causal link), the article investigates the objective economic motivations for an industry to file for an AD, and which were instrumental to the favorable perception of the Brazilian Trade Defense investigating authority. That said, some of the variables reveal the political mobilization capacity of the sectors, since spores is one of the main features of the economic literature on anti-dumping. The explanatory variables are constructed with data of 93 manufacturing industry sectors, covering 12 years (1996–2007), from an annual industrial survey (PIA/IBGE), and trade statistics from the Ministry of Industry and Trade. The variables are divided into four groups (collective action/competition, factors of production, economic performance and trade penetration), reflecting internal structural characteristics, economic indicators and the ability of political mobilization. I use logit regression models with pooled and population-averaged panel data, in order to account for the degree of time correlation and shared features among the sectors that may influence the composition of errors in the regressions. The empirical results show that the structure of foreign trade (imports volume and tariff level), factor content (labor content and natural resources intensity) and economic performance (productivity and investment intensity) influence the most the probability of the AD duty. Labor and productivity decrease the probability of receiving the AD. The other factors mentioned exert positive effect. Some qualifications, explained by political economy reasons, and captured by interactive terms in the regressions, are also considered.